(Humanities, social and applied sciences) Misan Journal of Academic Studies

Evaluation of anti-plaque and anti-inflammatory efficacies of mouth rinse containing green tea and Salvadora Persica L. in the management of dental biofilm-induced gingivitis

Aliaa Saeed Salman — 2025-04-02

The plaque accumulation is the main cause of gingivitis, Biofilm-induced gingivitis can be effectively treated by a combination of measures that include motivation and oral hygiene instruction (OHI), professional mechanical plaque elimination, in addition to the supplementary use of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory oral hygiene agents. Therapeutic mouthwash can improve oral hygiene, e.g., by reducing dental biofilm and gingivitis. Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the main mouthwash employed for chemical plaque reduction. CHX is associated with certain adverse effects, including extrinsic staining of teeth. The unwanted effects necessitate the development of new mouthwashes that are equally effective yet devoid of these issues. A mouth rinse containing Green Tea (GT) and Salvadora Persica L. (SP) was investigated for its use in the treatment of gingivitis, and they found that it is effective in reducing gingivitis.

Evaluation of galectin-3 and peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 levels in saliva for periodontal health, gingivitis and periodontitis

Yusur Ali Abdulrazzaq — 2025-04-02

Background: Comparing the saliva levels of galectin-3, peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) in individuals with periodontitis and gingivitis and with healthy periodontium was the purpose of this clinical research.

Methods: This study was an observational case-control study which was conducted at Al- Aamiriya Specialized Dental Center and Department of periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of baghdad from August, 2024 to November, 2024.

(84) systemically healthy and non-smoker individuals consisting of periodontitis (group PD/n = 28), gingivitis (group G/n = 28), and periodontally healthy (group H/n = 28) were recruited for this research. Clinical parameters such as probing depth, clinical attachment level, gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding on probing were recorded in periodontal charts. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method was used in evaluating the saliva levels of galectin-3 and PAD4 for study groups.

Results: The saliva galectin-3 total amount was highest in group G3 compared with group G1 and group G2 (p<0.05) and in G2 higher than G1.The saliva PAD-4 total amounts were highest in group G3 compared with group G1 and group G2 (p<0.05) and in G2 higher than G1.

Conclusions: Galectin-3 and PAD4 may be involved in the periodontal disease pathogenesis considering the elevated levels of these molecules in periodontal disease. These biomarkers may be used in the diagnosis of periodontal diseases.

EFFECT OF HYPOCHLOROUS ACID ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WETTABILITY OF ZINC OXIDE EUOGENOL IMPRESSION PASTE

Israa J.Taha — 2025-04-02

Aim: Dental impression materials may be infected when touched with patient plaque, saliva, and blood and immediately contaminated with potentially harmful germs. The spread of infection can be prevented through disinfection of the impression materials. The disinfection solution may change the impression materials' properties, The study goal was to investigate the effects of two disinfectants(2% glutaraldehydes (G.A.) and hypochlorous acid(HOCl) 200ppm,400ppm for ten minutes) on the wettability and surface roughness of the zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) impression material.

Materials and Methods: Eighty zinc oxide- eugenol impression material specimens were randomly classified into four groups for each test ten specimens ,A custom-produced mold, a circular in shape 2mm thickness and 20 mm in diameter made. A profilometer device was used for the surface roughness (Ra) measurement, and a goniometer device was used for the contact angles measurement to determine Wettability, The Statistical analysis was done using IBM's Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.The One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to data analysis.

Results: The results of this study revealed that HOCl and 2%glutaraldehyde demonstrate no effect on the wettability and surface roughness of zinc oxide-eugenol impression paste compared to the control group (P>0.05).

Conclusion: Considering the limitation of this investigation, the hypochlorous acid (200ppm 400ppm) is recommended for use as an efficient disinfection without a negative impact on the surface roughness and wettability of the ZOE impression paste

Annual groundwater recharge estimation in Nineveh plain, northern Iraq using Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) method

Fatima AJ. Abdul Wahab — 2025-04-02

This study evaluates groundwater recharge in the Nineveh Plain, northern Iraq, using the Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) method. The CMB method estimates recharge based on the conservation of chloride mass, relying on the comparison of chloride concentrations in precipitation and groundwater. Recharge rates calculated using this method ranged from 0.22 to 2.54 cm/year, with higher values observed in the northern regions due to greater precipitation and favourable infiltration conditions. Validation of the CMB-derived recharge map against hydrological parameters, such as the Curve Number (CN), yielded a strong correlation coefficient of 0.71, affirming the reliability of this method for estimating recharge.

A Theoretical Study for Excitation of Electrons Collides with Positive Nitrogen Ions

Hawraa S. Kadhim — 2025-04-02

Nitrogen ions, principally singly ionized nitrogen (N II) and doubly ionized nitrogen (N III), significantly affect different atomic, molecular, and astrophysical studies fields. as a result of their frequent occurrence in stellar atmospheres, interstellar media, and planetary nebulae, analysis of their spectral lines provides valuable details on environmental conditions such as temperature, density, and ionization states. This study indicated that N II and N III are excited by electron collisions for transition states. The Born-Bethe approximation was used to calculate the integral and differential cross-sections as well as the generalized oscillation strength. The results were agreed with other references in various transitions.

Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using pathogenic bacteria Acinentobacter baumanii with evulation their antibacterial activity

Hawraa Khalaf Abbood — 2025-04-02

The current study concentrated on the environmentally friendly production of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by pathogenic bacteria, specifically Acinetobacter baumannii, that were isolated from blood. By monitoring the color change of the reaction mixture Tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4.3H2O + bacterial filtrate), the production of AuNPs was verified following isolation and molecular identification. Physicochemical tests were used to evaluate the produced AuNPs. The results showed that the particles had a UV spectroscopic peak at a wavelength of 560 nm and that their spherical size ranged from 91 to 43 nm when viewed under a scanning electron microscope Fe-SEM.The chemical components in the bacterial extract have a fundamental impact on the formation of AuNPs as a bioreducing agent, according to the infrared spectrum obtained using the FTIR technique. According to the XRD analysis, the NPs exhibit a cubic crystalline structure, and the EDX-Mapping analysis verified the presence of gold. Furthermore, the antibacterial efficacy of AuNPs against two strains of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Echerichia coli pathogenic bacteria was confirmed using inhibitory diameters (24 mm and 22 mm) based on the antibiotic gentamicin. with diameter (20mm) as a control at a concentration of 1000 mg/mol as the results showed that the particles have good antibacterial activity

Structural, Optical and Gas Sensor Properties of Zinc Oxide Nanostructured thin films prepared by Chemical Spray Pyrolysis

Ameer I. Khudadad — 2025-04-02

ZnO Nanostructured films were formed by chemical spray pyrolysis technique on stander glass (Made in China) substrate at (450^oC). The structural and optical properties were studied in this research. The samples are a compound of pure (ZnO) with a hexagonal structure. X-Ray examination showed showing that the lattice parameters a= 3.286 A^o and c= 5.311 A^o. The average grain the size of crystals is on the order of (55nm), studying the topography of the surface by SEM, it appears that the growth of the thin film is very small nanoparticles, and there are also nanowires in it, which increases the region of the thin film's surface. From the sake of studying the optical properties, Also, the absorbance factor was calculated for sample. energy gap for (ZnO) appeared to be about (3.25 eV), with direct band transitions. NH₃ gas was used to measure the sensitivity of the thin film used in the study and the thin film was shown to have a high sensitivity to the gas.

Soft denture liner and its additives (A review of literature)

Ibrahim Ali Al-Najati — 2025-04-02

Soft liners are used with patients who cannot tolerate the hard acrylic base. It is used in complete and partial removable dentures to distribute functional loads homogeneously on the denture-bearing tissues to increase patient acceptance and relieve pain. These materials are recommended in cases of irregular bone resorption, bony undercuts, thin atrophic mucosa, immediate prosthesis, healing after implant placement, and for patients with bruxism and xerostomia.

However, the structure of the soft liner encourages the colonization of microorganisms, so the soft liner must be modified to overcome any possible infection that may occur during use, especially to prevent denture stomatitis, the most common disease associated with denture wearing caused by candida albicans.

A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Language of Persuasion in Political Discourse

Mohammed Hussein Hlail — 2025-04-02

This paper tackles critical discourse analysis henceforth (CDA) of the language of persuasion in political discourse. CDA studies the relationships between the social power abuse, dominance, and inequality whether in the political discourse or in the social domains. Therefore, the researcher tries to investigate the persuasive strategies in political discourse with special reference to the second debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in the US presidential elections campaign (2016). The present study aims at finding out the persuasive strategies that are used by the two candidates in the debate. For the analysis of the data, the researcher adopted Aristotle the traditional rhetorical strategies as a model. The current study is based on the following hypotheses: Both candidates use the Aristotle’s persuasive strategies in their speeches in order to persuade the audience. There is a strong relationship between the linguistic choices (lexical, syntactic or rhetoric choices) and persuasion. The study looks forward to locate the considerable features of political discourse in terms of persuasive strategies.

A Comprehensive Review of Rice Husk Derived Silica As Nano Filler (A review of literature)

Azza Walaaldeen Khairi — 2025-04-02

Nowadays, the entire globe is suffering from two types of problems: excess waste production and a scarcity of virgin resources. Utilizing wastes in the primary industrial sector is one way for addressing these concerns from the viewpoints of developing nations' ecosystems, energy demands, and economy. Natural fillers such as bamboo, rice husk, pistachio shells, and coir fiber have been reported to be efficient natural fillers. When natural materials are used as reinforcing materials, they offer advantages such as cost-effectiveness, high density, renewability, and a high degree of flexibility in the task, as well as a healthier working environment.

Evaluation of Superoxide Dismutase and their association with Diabetic neruopathy and Heart disease in Iraq populations

Zainab A. Salman — 2025-04-02

Complications of diabetes mellitus include both micro vascular and macro vascular complications. Diabetes mellitus causes diabetic neuropathy due to elevated blood glucose levels. High oxidant levels in diabetes complications are linked to oxidative stress, with reactive oxygen species (ROS) being a major oxidant. Endogenous antioxidants, such as SODs, are crucial for protecting cells and can be involved in cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study is to assess the levels of enzymatic Superoxide Dismutase in patient sera. Ninety persons were subdivided into two groups included in this study (25 patients with Diabetic neuropathy and 25 patients Heart disease), and 40 healthy subjects as a control group with range age of 30-60 years old. The enzymatic antioxidants of superoxide dismutase SOD levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The findings showed that the patient group's levels of lipid profile, urea, creatinine, ESR, and SOD were considerably higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). When diabetic neuropathy disease is present, the production of free radicals rises along with the SOD level. These antioxidants are thought to be useful markers for assessing the degree of oxidative stress in heart disease and diabetic neuropathy. Additionally, employ them as indicators for the early identification of heart disease and diabetic neuropathy. Analysis of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve revealed that SOD is a reliable indicator for the diagnosis of heart disease and diabetic neuropathy.

¬Schema Theory in Sarah Moss’s ''The Fell'': A Cognitive Stylistic Study

Salah R. Al-Saed — 2025-04-02

It is worth noting that the current study makes use to apply Schema Theory ST to a literary work namely: Sarah Moss's ''The Fell''. It shows the nexus relation between this theory and literary works from one hand and shows the relation with the act of reading and the reader from another.

This study explores the application of ST in Sarah Moss’s The Fell. It focusses on how prior knowledge structures influence discourse structures, perception and conceptualization of the characters, and understanding of a particular narrative. It aims to examine how ST shapes narrative conceptualization, characters’ perception, and thematic flourishing in this contemporary novel. It hypothesizes that Sarah Moss’s The Fell employs schematic expectations to shape the characters’ understanding. It uses the headers of triggering schemas from the literary texts. These headers are precondition, instrumental, local, and internal conceptualization. In addition, the present study also investigates three kinds of schemas. First, the world schemas represented in the content of literary text. Second, the text schemas represented in readers' intuitive retrieving thinking in which the world schemas reveal to the reader during the act of reading, and third the language schemas in which the linguistic construction and style be structured. Finally, the study reveals that The Fell utilizes schema activation to shape reader expectations, enhance psychological realism, reinforce themes of isolation, and contribute to cognitive stylistics.

Validation and Development of UV spectroscopy method for the Estimation of Diclofenac sodium in Bulk and dos protected mode interface

Mohammed R . Abdul - Azeez — 2025-04-02

There are presently four direct, speedy, delicate, and exact UV spectroscopic methods accessible for assessing how much diclofenac sodium in drug dosage forms and bulk. A clear UV spectroscopic strategy was made and confirmed to gauge the centralization of Diclofenac sodium utilizing a 20:40 dissolvable combination of acetonitrile and ethanol. Diclofenac sodium was found to have a linearity scope of 2-12 µ g/ml with a location frequency of 276 nm. The ICH rules were utilized to approve the methodology. It is not difficult to utilize, delicate, trustworthy, and produces repeatable outcomes. so supportive for the ordinary assessment of diclofenac sodium.

Using A Genetic Algorithm to Solve the Inventory Model with A Practical Application

Ahmed Jamal Mohammed Al-Botani — 2025-04-02

The research aims to shed light on the Genetic Algorithm to improve traditional solutions and find the best policy for the problem of inventory with continuous review by finding the optimal reorder point and the optimal economic quantity to avoid the risk of stock out (shortage), reduce total costs, and reach the optimal solution with little time and effort. The research was conducted in the stores of the Department of Pharmacy of the Ninawa Health Department for the period from January 1, 2021, to January 1, 2023, on two types of diabetes drugs. An analysis of the demand data for the study sample was conducted using the statistical program (SPSS Statistics Version 22) to determine the type of inventory. It was found that the kind of inventory is Deterministic. On this basis, the mathematical model of the study problem was built, and given the complexity of the traditional solution steps, the solution steps were applied to the program (Winqsb.V2) and the model solution was reached. Additionally, the solution steps were programmed for the genetic algorithm and applied using the (R programming language (. The results of the genetic algorithm showed an improvement in the traditional solution results by reducing total costs. Based on the results of the genetic algorithm, the safety stock, reorder period, and safety period were found.

Seasonal Variatins of Polychlorinted Biphenyls compounds in Water of Tigris River , Maysan Province / Iraq

Halima Bahar Kazem — 2025-04-02

This study dealt with determining the concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) for the summer2023 and winter 2024 in three stations of the Tigris River in Maysan Province, southern Iraq, where water samples were taken for each station and analyzed using gas color analysis - mass spectrometry (GC-MASS) for the levels of PCBs, and the results showed the discovery of 12 types of PCBs containing (3-9) chlorine atoms in water samples are (PCB18, 28,31,44,52,101, 138, 141,149,153,189,194) and concentrations during winter were higher than during summer, where concentrations ranged between (1.55-3.53) ng/L in water during summer and winter respectively, as environmental factors were determined for each station, as the temperature of air and water in the study sites ranged between (19-40 C) and (12 and 33 C) and the value of PH ranged between (6.57 - 8.67) The salinity ranged between (3.6 - 4.7) mg / L , while the electrical conductivity ranged between (1761-2424 μS/CM), while the concentrations of total dissolved solids TDS ranged between (801-1288) mg / L and has exceeded the permissible limits globally and locally, and in general it was Low-chlorine congeners prevailed during the summer While high chlorine congeners prevailed during the winter, trip, tetrachlorine and heptachlorine congeners dominated PCB18, PCB52, and PCB189 compared to other congeners.

The Reasons Behind the Societal Reversal on the Governance of Amir al-Mumineen After the Prophet’s Death (Peace (PBUH)) Through the Sermons of Lady Fatima al-Zahra

Fatima Abd Saeed Al-Maliki — 2025-04-02

The research into the doctrine of Lady Fatimah al-Zahra (peace be upon her) on the subject of succession and leadership after the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) is among the important topics in the history of Islamic doctrine. This is due to the Fatimid discourse's Islamic vision of the significance of the guardianship of the infallible Imam over the nation after the death of the final Prophet. It also highlights the Quranic and prophetic foundations for the infallible leadership of Amir al-Mu'minin Ali ibn Abi Talib (peace be upon him) and identifies the reasons that led society to turn away from this guardianship.The study analyzes her speeches delivered to the people of Medina after the death of her father (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), in which she denounced the exclusion of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) from his rightful position as the leader of the nation. She also pointed to the grave consequences of this deviation from one of the fundamental principles of Islam: the position of the infallible guardian.The research adopts an analytical approach to Fatimah's speeches alongside an inductive method to examine and interpret the texts, aiming to uncover the variables, factors, and circumstances that led society to deviate from its previous state by sidelining the Imam of their time from leadership. It also explores the internal and external forces that contributed to this outcome. The study concludes with several findings summarized in the research's conclusion.

The place and its Implications in Adghat Madinah novel

Saja Jasim Mohammed — 2025-04-02

The research aims to study the element of place in the novel by writer (Abdul-Reda Saleh Mohammed) and the research began by stating the concept of place and the importance of the narrative place. It was one of the important artistic elements for revealing the events, and determining the relationship between place and the narrative element of time and characters where all the elements of the narrative interact to convey the accurate description in the novel, and to achieve what the reader interacted with. After that, we mentioned the types of place in the novel as the places in the novel varied in terms of space between closed and open places and in terms of how they feel to a familiar and unfamiliar place (desolate), as if each of them had an effect on the novel, and after that we find the writer moving in his novel"Adghat Madinah”between places and times moving over a wide area .

To present different characters representing three generations he tells their successive stories, remembered and imagined, and collects them in one text through artistic narration, with which the act of narration becomes synonymous with life, as if the novelist wanted to save Iraqi memory from loss and formulate a living history that is resistant to forgery. We notice that the place does not appear in the novel Randomly, but it is carefully chosen because It plays a role in crafting a well-written text

The Level of Strategic Thinking Among School Principals in the Center of Misan Governorate from the Perspective of Their Teachers

Multaka Nasser Jabbar — 2025-04-02

The research aimed to identify the level of strategic thinking among school principals in the center of Maysan Governorate from the perspective of their teachers. To achieve the research objective, the researcher used the descriptive-analytical approach, as it was suitable for the research procedures. The research involved all the primary school teachers in the center of Misan Governorate, totaling (13102) teachers. The current research sample included (231) teachers randomly were selected from different schools in the center of the governorate.

The researcher used a strategic thinking level scale (prepared by the researcher) with (15) items were distributed across strategic thinking patterns including (holistic, abstract, diagnostic, and planning). After analyzing and interpreting the results, the results indicated that the level of strategic thinking practiced among primary school principals was generally high. The researcher recommended to conduct further studies on the level of strategic thinking practice among school principals in other stages and governorates

The reality of the practice of Arabic language teachers in the primary stage of reciprocal teaching from the perspective of the specialty supervisors

Khadija Najm Abdel Qader — 2025-04-02

The study aims to identify the degree of practice of Arabic language teachers in the primary stage of reciprocal teaching, from the point of view of the supervisors of the specialty. The researcher followed the descriptive approach, and the sample consisted of (77) male and female supervisors for the academic year (2023/2024). The researcher prepared one tool to achieve the objectives of her research. After verifying the validity and reliability procedures, the tool became composed of (50) paragraphs. To process the data statistically, the researcher used percentages, Chi-square, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha equation, split-half, Spearman-Brown equation, weighted means, standard deviations, and percentage weights. The results showed that the general performance of Arabic language teachers of reciprocal teaching strategies came at a level sometimes, with the exception of some paragraphs that came at a level always.

Optimal storage model to sustain the operation of Baghdad stations Establish an

Ahmed Ali Mohammed — 2025-04-02

The research presented the improvement of the performance of the continuous review inventory and finding the best policy for inventory management by finding the optimal economic quantity and reorder point and to prevent the depletion of inventory (deficit) and reduce additional costs with little time and effort. The sample of this research is the chemical storage data of the South Baghdad thermal power plant affiliated to the Ministry of Electricity the Middle Production Company for the period from 2019 to 2023 The demand data was divided into two period (winter –summer ). the statistical analysis of the demand data was conduction using the statistical program (easy fit 5.6) which concluded that the demand data from the inventory models are of the deterministic type (deterministic Inventory model) on this basis the mathematic model was created and the solution steps were applied using the traditional method of solving equations and through the (win Qsb) program, as well as programming the solution was the (R- programming) program. the result showed that all solutions matched the current model and the proposed model, as the inventory size and costs inventory in the water treatment process were reduced based on the results of the difference between the two models purchase costs and finding re-order point and safety stock.

Poetry on the tongue of the other, a media vision. The poetry of Abu Marwan al-Jaziri (396 AH) is an example

Sabreen Khalaf Hussein — 2025-04-02

The other represents a key element in the creative process. It is a stimulus for saying a text. It is considered as a branch for the meanings and notions. Also, it calls for justifications. It has been observed in the poetry of Abi Marwan Aljazeeri. Although we received little of his poetry, most of it had been said by the janitor of Almansour by a request for responding on the events’ requirements. Aljazeeri was not just his poet, but he was his companion. When the janitor of Almansour found out that the poet has had literary prowess in formulation and his consistent words accompanied with an urgent need to poetry as a means of media, he appointed the poet as media spokesman on behalf ofhis Alamriya State. He worked to talk about his virtues and beautify his vices. Moreover, he appointed him in administrative missions since the janitor of Almansour found out that Aljazeerihas political acumen besides his literary efficiency.

Saudi-Japanese relations1938-1973(historical study

Ali Joudah Sabih Al-Maliki — 2025-04-02

Japan is one of the countries that suffer from a severe shortage in its economic resources ,especially oil .therefore ,it turned its attention towards the kingdom of Saudi Arabia for possessing oil wealth and granted the kingdom several oil concessions to japan to avoid western companies monopolizing its oil .the kingdom ranked first in the purchase of Japanese manufactured goods during the fifties and sixties of the century the past ,but Saudi-Japanese relations were greatly strained to the Arab oil embargo in1973 and relations between the two countries did not improve until after japan fully supported the rights of the Palestinian people.

Influences on Al-Asma’i’s Critical Judgment (A Critical Study)

Hussam Kadhim Atiyah — 2025-04-02

Many judgments in ancient Arabic criticism were subject to various influences that significantly shaped the critical judgment of Arab scholars. These influences included religious and sectarian factors, political and intellectual orientations, tribal bias, and other external factors. This phenomenon is clearly evident in the critical judgments of Al-Asma’i, who issued evaluations influenced by such factors. These influences led him to adopt a critical approach that did not always align with his esteemed scholarly status. As a result, he often undervalued the contributions and status of many poets, accusing them unjustly due to religious or political reasons, tribal loyalties, or racial biases. At times, he would even revise his initial judgments for reasons seemingly tied to his occasionally unstable psychological state.

Moreover, Al-Asma’i’s alignment with the caliph and his tendency to echo the ruler’s opinions also played a role in shaping his judgments—even if this meant contradicting his own established critical principles. However, there were instances where he adhered to objective scientific standards directly related to the essence of literary work itself—such as criteria of quality and quantitative measures—which he used to rank poets over one another.

The Effect of Felder and Silverman’s Model in the Achievement of Fifth High School Female Students and Their Lateral Thinking in Mathematics.

Shaymaa Kareem Hassoon — 2025-04-02

The current study aims to identify the effect of Felder & Silverman’s model in the achievement of the female fifth high school (Scientific Branch) and their lateral thinking in mathematics. The sample was the female students in Khawla High school in Misan. The sample included three groups and they were selected randomly. Group A was selected as experimental group and Group C was selected as control group. The sample included 46 students; 23 students were chosen as experimental group and 23 students were chosen as the control group. An achievement and lateral thinking tests were prepared. The constructive and apparent validity to the thinking and achievement tests were done. Keuder -20 equation was used calculate reliability to the thinking and achievement tests. In addition, T-test was used to two independent samples to elicit the results.

Enzymatic Activity of Fungi Isolated From the Bases of Stems and Roots of Faba Bean Plants Infected with Root Rot Disease

Asia N Kadim — 2025-04-02

Six fungi isolated from faba bean plant infected with stem and root rot were selected to measure their enzymatic activity. All fungi produced cellulase and protease, and showed difference in their ability to produce pectinase. R.solani and M.phaseolina secreted all enzymes, while F.solani and F.oxysporum did not produce pectinase. There was no relationship between diameters of colony and the enzymatic activity. F.solani gave the highest activity for cellulase, (75mm), R.solani showed the lowest activity. A.flaves gave the highest activity for pectinase (42 mm), F.solani and F.oxysporum did not show activity. A.niger and R.solani gave the highest protease activity (80 mm), F.solani and M.phaseolina gave the lowest activity.

Alternative Means for Resolving Disputes Arising from Trading in the Securities Market (A Comparative study)

Saja Majed Daoowd — 2025-04-02

Disputes arising from trading in the stock market are among the most significant challenges to the stability of financial markets and investor confidence, particularly for listed companies and regulatory bodies. This issue is further compounded by the complexity and rapid pace of financial transactions. To avoid prolonged litigation under traditional judicial procedures, alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods have emerged as effective and efficient solutions. These methods combine speed, efficiency, and flexibility while ensuring the confidentiality of procedures and market information. ADR mechanisms include various approaches such as mediation and arbitration, which are designed to address disputes of different natures—whether technical or financial—through the expertise of specialized professionals within a flexible legal framework. This enhances a secure investment environment, reduces costs and time, and collectively establishes a comprehensive judicial system that supports the sustainability of the stock market while safeguarding the rights of all parties without resorting to conventional litigation.